Saturday 18 June 2016

Eponyms in Neuroscience : Great Neuroscientists, their contribution & Eponyms (Neurological structures, reflexes or diseases named after them)

Legends of neurosciences


Many scientists and philosophers have contributed to the present day understanding of brain and mind. Their contribution is immense and difficult to summarise. We often discuss neuroanatomical structures, neurophysiological processes, clinical signs and neurological diseases which are termed on the names of famous personalities. Many names are repeated whenever we read about specific structures or functions of the brain, spinal cord and other neural tissues.

These neuroscientists could be regarded as great leaders and pioneers of Neurosciences. They took the initial steps of the epic journey of exploring brain which is the most enigmatic and wonderful structure in this universe.

Identity and recognition of achievers and leaders are not restricted to some group or society or region or country , but infact, they inspire us all. Their work affects life of all human beings irrespective of any boundary.

Scottish Neuroscientists & Eponyms

Argyl Robertson Pupil is named after Argyl Robertson, a Scottish Ophthalmlogist. It denotes a condition in which pupillary constriction is seen in accommodation f the eyes but not in response to light.

Bell's Palsy is named after Sir Charles Bell, a Scottish Anatomist, Clinical neurologist and Surgeon. Bell's Palsy is facial paralysis of the lower motor neuron type. Bell-Magendie Law , is also associated with his name ( Dorsal roots are sensory, ventral roots are motor).




Charles Bell (12 November 1774 – 28 April 1842) was born & grew up in Edinburgh. Received his medical degree in 1798 from Edinburgh University, He conducted his surgical training as assistant to his elder brother John Bell.
He and his brother were artistically gifted, and together they taught anatomy and illustrated and published two volumes of A System of Dissection Explaining the Anatomy of the Human Body. Bell's career was characterized by the accumulation of quite extraordinary honors and achievements - and by acrimonious disputes unusual even by the standards of medicine during the Regency.
Shortly after his graduation Bell was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, where he operated and taught anatomy. He and his brother published two additional volumes of their anatomical treatise in 1802 and 1804.
Some aspects of his success, however, led to the jealous opposition of local physicians, and he was barred from practice at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He then moved to London in 1804, where he set up a private surgery and school of anatomy. From 1812 to 1825, together with his brother, Bell ran the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy, which had been founded by the anatomist William Hunter. He also served as a military surgeon, making elaborate recordings of neurological injuries at the Royal Hospital Haslar and famously documenting his experiences at Waterloo in 1815, where the anatomist Robert Knox commented very negatively on Bell's surgical abilities; (the mortality rate of amputations carried out by Bell ran at about 90%). Bell was instrumental in the creation of the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, and became, in 1824, the first professor of Anatomy and Surgery of the College of Surgeons in London. In 1829, the Windmill Street School of Anatomy was incorporated into the new King's College London. Bell was invited to be its first professor of physiology, but resigned shortly afterwards. Wishing to return to Scotland, he accepted in 1836 the position of Professor of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh.
He was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1833.
Charles Bell was a prolific author. Shortly after arriving in London, he set his sights on the Chair of Anatomy at the Royal Academy, and, in furtherance of this career goal, he published Essays on The Anatomy of Expression in Painting (1806), later re-published as Essays on The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression in 1824. In this work, Bell followed the principles of natural theology, asserting the existence of a uniquely human system of facial muscles in the service of a human species with a unique relationship to the Creator. After the failure of his application (Sir Thomas Lawrence, later President of the Royal Academy, described Bell as "lacking in temper, modesty and judgement"), Bell turned his attentions to the nervous system.
Bell published detailed studies of the nervous system in 1811, in his privately circulated book An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. He described his experiments with animals and later emphasized how he was the first to distinguish between sensory and motor nerves. This essay is considered by many to be the founding stone of clinical neurology. However, Bell's original essay of 1811 did not actually contain a clear description of motor and sensory nerve roots as Bell later claimed, and he seems to have issued subsequent incorrectly dated revisions with subtle textual alterations.
Bell's studies on emotional expression played a catalytic role in the development of Darwin's considerations of the origins of human emotional life; and Darwin very much agreed with Bell's emphasis on the expressive role of the muscles of respiration. Darwin detailed these opinions in his The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), written with the active collaboration of the psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne. Bell was one of the first physicians to combine the scientific study of neuroanatomy with clinical practice. In 1821, he described in the trajectory of the facial nerve and a disease, Bell's Palsy which led to the unilateral paralysis of facial muscles, in one of the classics of neurology, a paper delivered to the Royal Society entitled On the Nerves: Giving an Account of some Experiments on Their Structure an Functions, Which Lead to a New Arrangement of the System.
Bell also combined his many artistic, scientific, literary and teaching talents in a number of wax preparations and detailed anatomical and surgical illustrations, paintings and engravings in his several books on these subjects, such as in his book Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery: Trepan, Hernia, Amputation, Aneurism, and Lithotomy (1821). He wrote also the first treatise on notions of anatomy and physiology of facial expression for painters and illustrators, titled Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting (1806). In 1833 he published the fourth Bridgewater Treatise, The Hand: Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as Evincing Design.

A number of discoveries received his name:




Foramen of Monro is named after a Scottish Anatomist, Alexander Monro.
Interventricular foramen is the opening between the lateral and third ventricle is known as Foramen of Monro. There are two foramina which connect both lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.


Alexander Monro, secundus, (born May 22, 1733, Edinburgh, Scot.—died Oct. 2, 1817, Edinburgh), physician who, with his father, Alexander primus (1697–1767), and his son, Alexander tertius (1773–1859), played a major role in establishing the University of Edinburgh as an international centre of medical teaching. Appointed to the chair of anatomy in 1755, he is considered the finest teacher and anatomist of the three. More active as an investigator and surgeon than either his father or his son, he was first to employ (1767) the stomach pump, to perform paracentesis (surgical puncture of a body cavity in order to drain fluid), and to describe definitively (1783) the interventricular foramen between the lateral ventricles of the brain (known as Monro’s foramen; the passage between the lateral and third cavities of the brain). He wrote “Three Treatises on the Brain, the Eye and the Ear” (1797) and Observations on the Structure and Functions of the Nervous System (1783).

                                                                                     Alexander Monro secundus




Bohemian Physiologist

Purkinje
Purkinje, Johannes Evangelista, a Bohemian Physiologist.
Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex and Purkinje fibres in the heart.


Jan Evangelista PurkynÄ› (Czech); also written Johann Evangelist Purkinje) (17 or 18 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. In 1839, he coined the term 'protoplasm' for the fluid substance of a cell. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. 
                                                                           Purkinje





Swedish Neuroanatomist

Rexed
Rexed, Bror was Swedish  Neuroanatomist.
Grey matter of the spinal cord into the laminae of Rexed

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Bror Rexed
Bror rexed.jpg
BornJune 19, 1914
DiedAugust 21, 2002 (aged 88)
Bror Rexed (June 19, 1914 – August 21, 2002) was a Swedish neuroscientist and professor at Uppsala University. Internationally, he is best known today for his development of the system now known as Rexed laminae, but in Sweden, he is also known for his involvement in the "du-reformen" of the Swedish language.














American Neuroscientists & Eponyms



Cushing
Harvey Williams Cushing (April 8, 1869 – October 7, 1939)  is often called the "father of modern neurosurgery." He was the founder of American neurosurgery.

He studied medicine at Harvard Medical School at received degree in 1895. He did residency in surgery under the guidance of  famous surgeon , William  Halsted at John Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. Cushing learned meticulous surgical technique from his mentor. As was standard then, Cushing spent time in Europe ; he worked in the laboratories of Theodore Kocher in Bern, where he investigated the physiology of CSF. He described Cushing reflex, relationship between blood pressure and intracranial pressure.

While traveling through Europe , he met several important surgical personalities , including Victor Horsley.  

The specialty of neurosurgery was born at Johns Hopkins. In 1900, Harvey Cushing completed his surgical training. After the European grand tour and a year in Kocher's laboratory in Bern where he studied the effects of head injury, Cushing returned to the surgical faculty. In the ensuing 12 years, he founded the specialty of neurosurgery and established the characteristics of the field which endure to this day.
By the time Cushing accepted the Harvard Chair of surgery in 1912, his work at Johns Hopkins had established him as the outstanding young surgeon in the United States. Cushing brought Halsted's meticulous surgical technique to the new field and added Osler's careful clinical observation and his own penchant for accurate documentation. His clinical contributions are legendary: the use of x-rays in surgical practice, physiological saline for irrigation during surgery, understanding the pituitary's function, founding the clinical specialty of endocrinology, the anesthesia record, the use of blood pressure measurement in surgical practice, and the physiological consequences of increased intracranial pressure.

One of the principal inducements for Cushing to stay in Baltimore upon completion of his residency was his appointment as Director of the Hunterian Laboratory. Our concept of the clinician/scientist in medicine largely derives from Cushing's vision of the Hunterian as a place for young physicians to learn to do research. One of the earliest products of the Hunterian experience was Walter Dandy.

He described endocrine syndrome due to basophilic adenoma of pituitary gland ( Cushing disease).

With Percival Bailey in 1926, Cushing introduced the first rational approach to the classification of brain tumors.

At age of 32 , he became associate professor of surgery at John Hopkins Hospital and was in full charge of cases of surgery of the central nervous system.

He made (with Kocher) a study of ICP and (with Sherrington) contributed much to the localization of the cerebral centers.

In 1911, he was appointed surgeon-in-chief at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. He became a professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School starting in 1912. From 1933 to 1937, when he retired, he worked at Yale University School of Medicine.

In the beginning of the 20th century he developed many of the basic surgical techniques for operating on the brain. This established him as one of the foremost leaders and experts in the field. Under his influence neurosurgery became a new and autonomous surgical discipline.


He considerably improved the survival of patients after difficult brain operations for intracranial tumors. He used x-rays to diagnose brain tumors. He used electrical stimuli for study of the human sensory cortex. He had operated more than 2000 cases brain tumors.
Cushing was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize of biography in 1926 for a book recounting the life of one of the fathers of modern medicine, Sir William Osler.

He developed many surgical instruments that are still in use today, most notably the Cushing forceps, He also developed a surgical magnet while working with the Harvard Medical Unit in France during World War I to extract bullets from the heads of wounded soldiers.





Sources: Wikipedia
               Y. Neurological surgery  ( H.R. Winn ) Elsevier Saunders
              http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery



Kluver, Heinrich
American Psychologist
Name associated with Kluver-Bucy Syndrome


Bucy, Paul Clancy
American Neurosurgeon & Neuropathlogist
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is caused by extensive bilateral lesions of the temporal lobes.
                                                                         (Source: Congress of Neurological Surgeons)

Paul Bucy (November 13, 1904 – September 22, 1992) was an American neurosurgeon and neuropathologist. He is known both for his part in describing the Klüver–Bucy syndrome, his academic life as a teacher in the neurosciences, and for his founding in 1972 and editing Surgical Neurology – An International Journal of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience" from 1972 to 1987.

Bucy grew up and was educated in Iowa. He received his bachelor`s degree, a master`s in neuropathology and his doctorate from the University of Iowa. He interned and trained at Ford Hospital in Detroit. He was an assistant to neurosurgeon Percival Bailey (1892–1973) at the University of Chicago. In the early 1930s he traveled to Europe, and studied with Gordon Morgan Holmes (1876–1965) in London and Otfrid Foerster (1874–1941) in Breslau. In 1941, he became Professor of Neurology and Neurological Surgery at the University of Illinois in Chicago, where he spent 13 years. During World War II he was a medical consultant to the U.S. Army.

From 1954 to 1972, he was Professor of Neurosurgery and taught neurosurgical residents at Northwestern University and at Chicago Memorial Hospital. During his long career, Bucy wrote more than 400 papers and books on neurological and neurosurgical subjects. He trained 65 neurosurgeons who went on to practicing neurosurgery worldwide. Bucy served as publisher for 13 years on the Journal of Neurosurgery. In 1972. after moving to Tryon, North Carolina, he was appointed Clinical Professor of Neurology and Neurological surgery at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem. That same year (1972) Bucy became Founding Editor of Surgical Neurology, a new neurosurgical journal, which he edited until 1987 along with Robert J. White.

He was past president of the American Neurological Association, The Society of Neurological Surgeons and The World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies.

Paul Bucy is remembered for his work with experimental psychologist Heinrich Klüver  involving the eponymous Klüver-Bucy syndrome, defined as a behavioral disorder caused by malfunction of the left and right medial temporal lobes of the brain. The two men were able to clinically reproduce this disorder in rhesus monkeys by performing bilateral temporal lobectomies. He will also be remembered, along with Percival Bailey, for performing important research of brain tumors, in particular oligodendrogliomas and meningiomas.





Buerger, Leo
American Physician and Urologist
Chronic inflammatory disease of the peripheral nerves

Huntington, George Summer
American General Medical Practioner
Huntington's Chorea resulting from neuronal degeneration in the corpus striatum

Lantermann, A.J.
Americal Anatomist
Incisures of Schmidt-Lantermann in myelin sheaths

Meyer, Adolph
American Psychiatrist
The fibers of the geniculocalcarine tract that loop forward in the temporal lobe constitute Meyer' loop

Papez, John Wenceslas
American Anatomist
Circuitry of Limbic System

Renshaw, Birdsey
American Neurophysiologist
interneurons in the spinal cord are called Renshaw cells

Schmidt, Henry D
American Anatomist & Pathologist
Incisures of Schmidt-Lantermann in myelin sheaths


English Neuroscientists & Eponyms

Clarke
Clarke, Jacob Augustus Lockhard was English Anatomist & Clinical Neurologist
Nucleus Dorsalis ( thoracicus ) of the spinal cord

Sherrington
Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott was English Neurophysiologist
Relexes: decerebrate rigidity, reciprocal innervation and the snapse

Waller
Waller, Augustus Volney was Enlish Pysician & Physiologist
Degenerative changes in the distal portion of a sectioned peripheral nerve , known as wallerian degeneration

Weber
Weber, Sir Hermann David was English Physician
Midbrain lesion causing hemiparesis and ocular paralysis

Willis
Willis, Thomas was English Physician
Arterial circle of Willis

Wilson
Wilson, Samuel Alexander Kinnier was British Clinical Neurologist
Wilson's disease ( hepatolenticular degeneration)


Czech Neuroscientist & Eponym


Chiari
Chiari, Hans was a Czech Physician
Arnold- Chiari malformation



Danish Neuroscientists & Eponyms
Hirschsprung, Harald was a Danish Physician
Congenital aganglionic megacolon


Greek Neuroscientists & Eponyms

Herophilus
Herophilus was a Greek Physician
Honfluence of the dural venous sinuses at the internal occipital protuberance is known as Torcular Herophili









French Neuroscientists & Eponyms



Babinski

Babinski, Joseph Francois Felix (17 November 1857 – 29 October 1932) was a French neurologist of Polish descent. He is best known for his 1896 description of the Babinski sign, a pathological plantar reflex indicative of corticospinal tract damage.


Babinsnki reflex is the upward turning of the great toe and spreading of the other toes on strking the outer and lateral aspect of the sole, indicating a upper motor neuron lesion of the spinal cord.

Babinski received his medical degree from the University of Paris in 1884. He came early to Professor Charcot at Paris' Salpêtrière Hospital and became his favorite student.
Charcot's 1893 death left Babinski without support, and he subsequently never participated in qualifying academic competitions. Free of teaching duties, while working at the Hôpital de la Pitié he was left with ample time to devote himself to clinical neurology. He was a masterful clinician, minimally dependent on neuropathological examinations and laboratory tests.
Babinski also took an interest in the pathogenesis of hysteria and was the first to present acceptable differential-diagnostic criteria for separating hysteria from organic diseases, and coined the concept of pithiatism.
In 1896, at a meeting of the Société de Biologie, BabiÅ„ski, in a 26-line presentation, delivered the first report on the "phenomène des orteils", i.e., that while the normal reflex of the sole of the foot is a plantar reflex of the toes, an injury to the pyramidal tract will show an isolated dorsal flexion of the great toe—"Babinski's sign."
He was professor of neurology at the University of Paris.
Babinski wrote over 200 papers on nervous disorders. With Jules Froment he published Hysteropithiatisme en Neurologie de Guerre (1917), which was translated into English in 1918 by Sir H. Rolleston.




Balliarger

Balliarger, Jules Gabriel Francois was French Psychiatrist

Bands of Balliarger in the cerebral cortex



Broca

Broca, Pierre Paul was a French Pathologist and anthropologist.

Motor speech area is known as Broca's area.




Pierre Paul Broca (28 June 1824 – 9 July 1880) was a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. He is best known for his research on Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that has been named after him. Broca's Area is involved with language. His work revealed that the brains of patients suffering from aphasia contained lesions in a particular part of the cortex, in the left frontal region. This was the first anatomical proof of the localization of brain function. Broca's work also contributed to the development of physical anthropology, advancing the science of anthropometry.


In 1848, Broca founded a society of free-thinkers, sympathetic to Charles Darwin's theories. Broca was fascinated by the concept of evolution.


In 1853, Broca became professor agrégé, and was appointed surgeon of the hospital. He was elected to the chair of external pathology at the Faculty of Medicine in 1867, and one year later professor of clinical surgery. In 1868, he was elected a member of the Académie de medicine, and appointed the Chair of clinical surgery. He served in this capacity until his death.


In parallel with his medical career, Broca pursued his interest in anthropology. In 1859, he founded the Society of Anthropology of Paris. He served as the secretary of the society from 1862. In 1872, he founded the journal Revue d'anthropologie, and in 1876, the Institute of Anthropology.


Near the end of his life, Paul Broca was elected a lifetime member of the French Senate. He was also a member of the Académie française and held honorary degrees from many learned institutions, both in France and abroad.


Broca's early scientific works dealt with the histology of cartilage and bone, but he also studied cancer pathology, the treatment of aneurysms, and infant mortality. One of his major concerns was the comparative anatomy of the brain. As a neuroanatomist he made important contributions to the understanding of the limbic system and rhinencephalon. Olfaction was for him a sign of animality. He wrote extensively on biological evolution, then known as transformism in France (the term was also adopted in English at the time but is today used little in either language).


One of Broca's major areas of expertise was the comparative anatomy of the brain. His research on the localization of speech led to entirely new research into the lateralization of brain function.


Broca is celebrated for his discovery of the speech production center of the brain located in the ventroposterior region of the frontal lobes (now known as Broca's area). He arrived at this discovery by studying the brains of aphasic patients (persons with speech and language disorders resulting from brain injuries).


This area of study began for Broca with the dispute between the proponents of cerebral localization – whose views derived from the phrenology of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) – and their opponents led by Pierre Flourens (1794–1867) – who claimed that, by careful ablation of various brain regions, he had disproved Gall's hypotheses. However, Gall's former student, Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881), kept the localization of function hypothesis alive (especially with regards to a "language center"), although he rejected much of the rest of phrenological thinking. Bouillaud challenged professionals of the time to disprove him by finding a case of frontal lobe damage unaccompanied by a disorder of speech. His son-in-law, Ernest Aubertin (1825–1893), began seeking out cases to either support or disprove the theory, and he found several in support of it.


In 1861, Broca heard of a patient, named Leborgne, in the Bicêtre Hospital who had a 21-year progressive loss of speech and paralysis but not a loss of comprehension nor mental function. He was nicknamed "Tan" due to his inability to clearly speak any words other than "tan".


When Leborgne died just a few days later, Broca performed an autopsy. He determined that, as predicted, Leborgne did in fact have a lesion in the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere. From a comparative progression of Leborgne's loss of speech and motor movement, the area of the brain important for speech production was determined to lie within the third convolution of the left frontal lobe, next to the lateral sulcus. For the next two years, Broca went on to find autopsy evidence from 12 more cases in support of the localization of articulated language.


Today the brains of many of Broca's aphasic patients are still preserved in the Musée Dupuytren, and his collection of casts in the Musée d'Anatomie Delmas-Orfila-Rouvière. Broca presented his study on Leborgne in 1861 in the Bulletin of the Société Anatomique.


Patients with damage to Broca's area and/or to neighboring regions of the left inferior frontal lobe are often categorized clinically as having Expressive aphasia (also known as Broca's aphasia). This type of aphasia, which often involves impairments in speech output, can be contrasted with Receptive aphasia, (also known as Wernicke's aphasia), named for Karl Wernicke, which is characterized by damage to more posterior regions of the left temporal lobe, and is often characterized by impairments in language comprehension.


Broca published around 223 papers on general anthropology, physical anthropology, ethnology, and other branches of this field. He founded the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris in 1859, the Revue d'Anthropologie in 1872, and the School of Anthropology in Paris in 1876.


He also invented more than 20 measuring instruments for the use in craniology, and helped standardize measuring procedures.














Charcot

Charcot, Jean Martin was a French Neuroogist

Lenticulostriate branch of the middle cerebral artery



Foville

Foville , Achille-Louis-Francois was a French Physician

Paramedian pontine syndrome of Raymond-Foville



Gubler

Gubler, Adolphe-Marie was aFrench Physician

Ventral pontine syndrome of Millard-Gubler



Magendie

Magendie, Francois was a French Physiologist

Bell-Magendie Law

Median aperture of the fourth ventricle ( Foramen of Magendie)



Millard

Millard, Auguste Louis Jules was a French Physician

Ventral pontine syndrome of Millard-Gubler



Parinaud

Parinaud, Henri was a French Ophthalmologist

Paralysis of upward gaze due to a lesion of the midbrain commonly due to pressure from a space occupying lesion of the Pineal region



Ranvier

Ranvier, Louis-Antoine was a French histologist

Nodes of Ranvier in the myelin sheaths



Raymond

Raymond, Fulgence was a French Neurologist

Paramedian pontine syndrome of Raymond-Foville



Robin

Robin, Charles Phillipe was a French Anatomist

Perivascular spaces of the brain (Virchow-Robin spaces)



Sylvius

Sylvius, Jacobus was a French Anatomist

Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius ( in midbrain)



Trolard

Trolard, Paulin was a French Anatomist

Greater anastomotic vein of Trolard


Germany's contribution to neuroscience : Great Neuroscientists from Germany & Eponyms ( structures, reflexes or diseases named after Germans)


Alzheimer
Alois Alzheimer


Alois Alzheimer discovered the pathological condition of dementia and diagnosed the disease that bears his name.
Alois Alzheimer was  a German psychiatrist, born in Marktbreit, Germany, on June 14, 1864. After obtaining his medical degree, he worked in hospitals in Frankfurt, where he met Auguste Deter, a 51-year-old woman suffering from progressive short-term memory loss. He was eventually able to isolate the pathological causes of severe dementia, work so extensive that the condition became known as Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease, also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation, mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues. 


Arnold


                                                                         Julius Arnold



Julius Arnold (August 19, 1835 – February 3, 1915) was a German pathologist born in Zurich


He studied medicine at the Universities of Heidelberg, Prague, Vienna and Berlin, where he was a student of Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). In 1859 he became a doctor of medicine, and in 1866 he became a professor of pathological anatomy and director of the institute of pathology at Heidelberg. Arnold was the author of 120 articles in the fields of histology and pathological anatomy.[1]


With Austrian pathologist, Hans Chiari, his name is lent to a condition known as Arnold–Chiari malformation, a disorder that takes place when the cerebellar tonsils and the medulla oblongata protrude through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal, without displacing the lower brain stem.[2] Arnold described his pathological findings associated with the disorder from an infant who died shortly after delivery.[1] He published his account of the disorder in an 1894 paper titled "Myelocyste, Transposition von Gewebskeimen und Sympodie". In 1907, two of Dr. Arnold's students coined the eponym of "Arnold–Chiari malformation" in honor of the two scientists.


Auerbach
Leopold Auerbach (27 April 1828 – 30 September 1897) was a German anatomist and neuropathologistFrom 1872 he was an associate professor of neuropathology at the University of Breslau.






Auerbach was among the first physicians to diagnose the nervous system using histological staining methods. He published a number of papers on neuropathological problems and muscle-related disorders.

He is credited with the discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, or Auerbach's plexus, a layer of ganglion cells that provide control of movements of the gastro-intestinal tract, also known as the "myenteric plexus"


Brodmann

Korbinian Brodmann
Korbinian Brodmann (17 November 1868 – 22 August 1918) was a German neurologist who became famous for his definition of the cerebral cortex into 52 distinct regions from their cytoarchitectonic (histological) characteristics, known as Brodmann areas




This drawing shows the regions of the human cerebral cortex as delineated by Korvinian Brodmann on the basis of cytoarchitecture.

Edinger
Ludwig Edinger (13 April 1855 – 26 January 1918) was German anatomist and neurologist and co-founder of the University of Frankfurt. In 1914 he was also appointed the first German professor of neurology.

Edinger was born into a Jewish family and grew up in Worms, where his father was a successful textile salesman and democratic congressman in the state parliament of Hesse-Darmstadt. His mother was the daughter of a physician from Karlsruhe. He was not ashamed that he started his career as a poor man. Indeed, he proposed free schooling for all children in 1873, but without success.
Edinger studied medicine from 1872 to 1877 in Heidelberg and Strasbourg. His studies into neurology began during his time as an assistant physician in Giessen (1877 - 1882). His habilitation was in 1881 about neurological researches. He became a docent for these themes. He worked in BerlinLeipzig and Paris and opened his own practice for neurology in Frankfurt am Main in 1883.
Due to Edingers initiative in 1885, the pathologist Karl Weigert became director of the Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie in Frankfurt. Weigert was troubled with antisemitism. Weigert gave his friend Edinger a place to work in his institute. In 1902, Edinger received enough space to start his own neurological department.
In 1909, after a dispute between Edinger and the Senckenberg foundation about the finances of the neurological institute, Edinger moved to the University of Frankfurt under the condition that he was responsible for the financing of the department. His problems had eased in 1886, when he married Anna Goldschmidt, the daughter of an old family of traditional Jewish bankers in Frankfurt; she received a large inheritance in 1906.
Edinger died suddenly on January 26, 1918 in Frankfurt of a heart attack. He had instructed that his brain was examined in his institute. The institute continued with the introduction of a foundation set-up by Edinger. The neurological department of the medical faculty of the Goethe University is named after him.
Edinger is credited with coining the terms "gnosis" and "praxis". These terms were later used in psychological descriptions of agnosia and apraxia.[2] Also, he was the first to describe the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts and to distinguish the paleocerebellum from the neocerebellum.[3]



Heubner



Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (January 21, 1843 – October 17, 1926) was a German internist and pediatrician. He studied medicine at the University of Leipzig.He later founded a children’s hospital and clinic in Leipzig, and in 1891 was appointed to the chair of pediatrics. In 1894 he moved to Berlin, where he became director of the children’s clinic and polyclinic at the Charité.


Heubner is considered one of the fathers of pediatric medicine. He also made important contributions to the treatment of infectious and gastrointestinal diseases. He was instrumental in improving infant mortality and introduced aseptic practices into the hospital environment.

With Max Rubner (1854–1932), he investigated energy metabolism in infants, creating the concept of a nutrition quotient.[1] With Eduard Heinrich Henoch (1820–1910), he was among the first to use an antitoxin for diphtheria that had recently been developed by Emil von Behring (1854–1917). Heubner also made contributions in his research of cerebrospinal meningitis.

He provided an early description of syphilitic endarteritis obliterans, a condition that is sometimes referred to as "Heubner's disease".

His name is also lent to "Heubner's artery", a cerebral artery that typically originates from the junction of the A 1 and A 2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA).




Krause




Lissauer



Luschka


Meckel



Johann Friedrich Meckel (July 31, 1724 – September 18, 1774) was a German anatomist. He often has "the Elder" appended to his name to avoid confusion with his famous grandson Johann Friedrich Meckel (1781–1833), who was also an anatomist and often has "the Younger" included with his name. The elder Meckel's son, Philipp Friedrich Theodor Meckel (1755–1803) and another grandson, August Albrecht Meckel (1790–1829) were also anatomists.

Meckel earned his medical doctorate from the University of Göttingen in 1748, and in his thesis, "Tractatus anatomico physiologicus de quinto pare nervorum cerebri", he documented his discovery of the submandibular ganglion. Subsequently, he moved to Berlin, where he worked as a prosector and taught classes on midwifery. In 1751 he became a professor of anatomy, botany and obstetrics.

In 1773, Meckel was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences






Nissl


Reil


Romberg


Rosenthal


Schwann


Virchow


Wallenberg


Westphal


Kayser





Dr. Aloysius "Alois" Alzheimer ( 14 June-19 December, 1915) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist.






Dr Alois Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of presenile dementia.

In 1901, he observed a 51 year old female patient, Ms Auguste Deter, at the Frankfurt mental asylum. This patient had strange behavioural symptoms including loss of short term memory. Ms Deter died in 1906.  He along with 2 Italian physicians, analysed brain in Krapelin laboratory at Munich. He used the staining techniques of Bielschowsky to identify amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles.

He presented his work & later published his work in 1907. Later, In 1910, his colleague Emil Krapelin named this disease after him in the chapter " Presenile & Senile Dementia" in the 8th Edition of his handbook of psychiatry.





Julius Arnold (August 19, 1835 – February 3, 1915) was a German pathologist. He was the son of anatomist. And he was a student of Rudolf Virchow. He was professor of pathological anatomy and director of the institute of pathology at Heidelberg.




With Austrian pathologist, Hans Chiari, his name is lent to a condition known as Arnold–Chiari malformation, a disorder that takes place when the cerebellar tonsils and the medulla oblongata protrude through the foramen magnum into the spinal canal, without displacing the lower brain stem. Arnold described his pathological findings associated with the disorder from an infant who died shortly after delivery. He published his account of the disorder in an 1894 paper titled "Myelocyste, Transposition von Gewebskeimen und Sympodie". In 1907, two of Dr. Arnold's students coined the eponym of "Arnold–Chiari malformation" in honor of the two scientists.



Leopold Auerbach ( 27 April 1828-30 September 1897)

Leopold Auerbach was a German anatomist and neuropathologist.  He was an associate professor of neuropathology at the University of Breslau.




Auerbach was among the first physicians to diagnose the disease of nervous system using histological staining methods. He is credited with the discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, or Auerbach's Plexus, a layer of ganglion cells that provide control of movements of the gstro-intestinal tract, also known as ' myenteric plexus".



Brodmann



Korbinian Brodmann (17 November 1868 – 22 August 1918) was a German neurologist who became famous for his definition of the cerebral cortex into 52 distinct regions from their cytoarchitectonic (histological) characteristics, known as Brodmann areas.



He worked also in the Psychiatric Clinic in the University of Jena, with Ludwig Binswanger, and in the Municipal Mental Asylum in Frankfurt, from 1900 to 1901. There, he met Alois Alzheimer, who was influential in his decision to pursue neuroscientific basic research.



Following this, Brodmann started to work in 1901 with Cécile and Oskar Vogt at the private institute "Neurobiologische Zentralstation" in Berlin, and in 1902 in the Neurobiological Laboratory of the University of Berlin. In 1915 he joined the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Hirnforschung (Institute for Brain Research).



In 1909 he published his original research on cortical cytoarchitectonics in "Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues" (Comparative Localization Studies in the Brain Cortex, its Fundamentals Represented on the Basis of its Cellular Architecture).



In the following years he worked at the University of Tübingen, as professor & later as physician and chairman of the Anatomical Laboratory at the University Psychiatric Clinic.






The areas he depicted on the brain are now usually referred to as Brodmann areas. Brodmann used a variety of criteria to map the human brain, including attention to gross anatomical features as well as the examination of cortical micro-structures.



Brodmann postulated that these areas with different structures performed different functions, such as the area 41 & 42 are in th temporal lobe and associated with hearing, Areas 44 & 45 constitute the areas for language , area 17 is in occipital lobe and it is assoiated with vision.

Edinger

Edinger Ludwig was a German anatomist and clinical neurologist

Ludwig Edinger (13 April 1855 – 26 January 1918) was an influential German anatomist and neurologist and co-founder of the University of Frankfurt. In 1914 he was also appointed the first German professor of neurology.

Edinger studied medicine from 1872 to 1877 in Heidelberg and Strasbourg. His studies into neurology began during his time as an assistant physician in Giessen (1877 - 1882). His habilitation was in 1881 about neurological researches. He became a docent for these themes. He worked in Berlin, Leipzig and Paris and opened his own practice for neurology in Frankfurt am Main in 1883.

Edinger died suddenly on January 26, 1918 in Frankfurt of a heart attack. He had instructed that his brain was examined in his institute. The institute continued with the introduction of a foundation set-up by Edinger. The neurological department of the medical faculty of the Goethe University is named after him.




Edinger is credited with coining the terms "gnosis" and "praxis". These terms were later used in psychological descriptions of agnosia and apraxia.[1] Also, he was the first to describe the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts and to distinguish the paleocerebellum from the neocerebellum.


Virchow was German pathologist

Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, biologist, writer, editor, and politician, known for his advancement of public health. He is known as "the father of modern pathology". He is also known as the founder of social medicine and veterinary pathology.

Although he failed to contain the 1847–1848 typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia, his report laid the foundation for public health in Germany, as well as his political and social activities. From it, he coined a well known aphorism: "Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale". He participated in the Revolution of 1848, which led to his expulsion from Charité the next year. He published a newspaper Die medicinische Reform (Medical Reform) during this period to disseminate his social and political ideas. He took the first Chair of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Würzburg in 1849. After five years, Charité invited him back to direct its newly built Institute for Pathology, and simultaneously becoming the first Chair of Pathological Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin University. The campus of Charité is now named Campus Virchow Klinikum. He cofounded the political party Deutsche Fortschrittspartei, by which he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives, and won a seat in the Reichstag.
A prolific writer, his scientific writings alone exceeded 2,000 in number. Among his books, Cellular Pathology published in 1858 is regarded as the root of modern pathology. This work also popularised the third dictum in cell theory: Omnis cellula e cellula ("All cells come from cells"). He founded journals such as Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin (now Virchows Archiv), and Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Journal of Ethnology). The latter is published by German Anthropological Association and the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory, the societies of which he also founded.
Virchow was the first to precisely describe and give names of diseases such as leukemia, chordoma, ochronosis, embolism, and thrombosis. He coined scientific terms, chromatin, agenesis, parenchyma, osteoid, amyloid degeneration, and spina bifida. His description of the transmission cycle of a roundworm Trichinella spiralis established the importance of meat inspection, which was started in Berlin. He developed the first systematic method of autopsy involving surgery of all body parts and microscopic examination. A number of medical terms are named after him, including Virchow's node, Virchow–Robin spaces, & Virchow's triad. He was the first to use hair analysis in criminal investigation, and recognised its limitations.
He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, awarded the Copley Medal of the British Royal Society & he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.


Dieters was a German anatomist.




Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters (November 15, 1834 – December 5, 1863) was a German neuroanatomist. He was born in Bonn, studied at the University of Bonn, and spent most of his professional career in Bonn. He is remembered for his microscopic research of the brain and spinal cord.

Around 1860, Deiters provided the most comprehensive description of a nerve cell. He identified the cells' axon, which he called an "axis cylinder", and its dendrites, which he referred to as protoplasmic processes. He postulated that dendrites must fuse to form a continuous network.

His name is lent to the "nucleus of Deiters", also called the lateral vestibular nucleus, and to "Deiters' cells", structures that are associated with outer hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear. Deiters died in 1863 from typhoid fever at the age of 29. After his death, his work pertaining to nerve cells of the spinal cord was edited and published by anatomist Max Schultze (1825-1874).



Kayser, Bernhard was German ophthalmologist

Fleischer, Bruno was German ophthalmologist


Kayser–Fleischer rings (KF rings) are dark rings that appear to encircle the iris of the eye. They are due to copper deposition in part of the cornea (Descemet's membrane) as a result of particular liver diseases. They are named after Dr. Bernhard Kayser and Dr. Bruno Fleischer, the German doctors who first described them in 1902 and 1903. Initially thought to be due to the accumulation of silver, they were first demonstrated to contain copper in 1934.
Heubner was German Pediatrician.

Johann Otto Leonhard Heubner (January 21, 1843 – October 17, 1926) was a German internist and pediatrician.

Heubner is considered one of the fathers of pediatric medicine. He also made important contributions to the treatment of infectious and gastrointestinal diseases. He was instrumental in improving infant mortality  and introduced aseptic practices into the hospital environment.

With Max Rubner he investigated energy metabolism in infants, creating the concept of a nutrition quotient. With Eduard Heinrich Henoch he was among the first to use an antitoxin for diphtheria that had been developed by Emil von Behring (1854–1917).

Heubner also made contributions in his research of cerebrospinal meningitis.

He provided an early description of syphilitic endarteritis obliterans, a condition that is sometimes referred to as "Heubner's disease".


His name is also lent to "Heubner's artery", a cerebral artery that typically originates from the junction of the A 1 and A 2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA).

Krause , Wilhelm Johan Friedrich was German anatomist.

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Krause (July 12, 1833 – February 4, 1910) was a German anatomist and he was son of anatomist.

Krause is known for the discovery and description of mechanoreceptors that were to become known as "Krause's corpuscles", sometimes referred to as "Krause's end-bulbs". His name is also associated with:




Krause is also remembered for pioneer research in the field of embryology. Among his better known students at Göttingen was bacteriologist Robert Koch (1843-1910).



Lissauer, Heinrich was German clinical neurologist

Heinrich Lissauer (September 12, 1861 – September 21, 1891) was a German neurologist born in Neidenburg (today Nidzica, Poland). He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Berlin and Leipzig. He was a neurologist at the psychiatric hospital in Breslau, and was a one-time assistant to Carl Wernicke.


In 1885 he provided a description of the dorso-lateral tract, a bundle of fibers between the apex of the posterior horn and the surface of the spinal marrow, that was to become known as "Lissauer's tract". Another eponymous term associated with Lissauer is "Lissauer's paralysis", a condition that is an apoplectic type of general paresis.


Among his written works was an influential treatise on visual agnosia, being referred to as Seelenblindheit in 19th-century German medicine, a term that roughly translates to "soul blindness". Lissauer died in Hallstatt, Austria on September 21, 1891 at the age of 30.

Luschka, Hubert von was German anatomist

Hubert von Luschka (July 27, 1820 – March 1, 1875), was a German anatomist. He lent his name to several structures, including the foramina of Luschka, Luschka's crypts, Luschka's law, Luschka's joints, and Ducts of Luschka.






His work particularly concerned the need for anatomy to be connected in a practical manner to medicine and surgery. His Anatomie des Menschen in Rücksicht auf das Bedürfnis der praktischen Heilkunde (1862–69; Human Anatomy in Consideration of the Needs of Practical Medicine) aimed to provide such a link. He promoted the use of anatomical information in surgery, for example to manipulate internal organs using long needles before cutting the body open, and was one of the first to conduct detailed research on normal corpses, publishing a series of detailed books covering specific aspects of anatomy, such as the nerves of the hands and the blood vessels of the brain.


Meckel
, Johan Friedrich was German anatomist

Johann Friedrich Meckel (October 17, 1781 – October 31, 1833), often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger, was a German anatomist born in Halle. He worked as a professor of anatomy, pathology and zoology at the University of Halle, Germany. In 1829, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.






He was a pioneer in the science of teratology, in particular the study of birth defects and abnormalities that occur during embryonic development.


The following eponymous terms are named after him:


His grandfather was also named "Johann Friedrich Meckel". In order to avoid confusion, he is often referred to as Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder. The elder Meckel was also a professor of anatomy, and he too has anatomical structures named after him.


Nissl, Franz was German Neuropsychiatrist, neuropathologist and medical researcher.

Franz Nissl (9 September 1860– 11 August 1919)


Franz Nissl’s father Theodor taught Latin in a Catholic school and wanted Franz to become a priest. However Franz entered the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to study medicine. Later, he specialized in Psychiatry.

One of Nissl's university professors was Bernhard von Gudden. His assistant, Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser suggested that Nissl write an essay on the pathology of the cells of the cortex of the brain. When the medical faculty offered a competition for a prize in neurology in 1884, Nissl undertook the brain-cortex study. He used alcohol as a fixative and developed a staining technique that allowed the demonstration of several new nerve-cell constituents. Nissl won the prize, and wrote his doctoral dissertation on the same topic in 1885.

Professor von Gudden was the judge in Nissl's college-essay competition, and he was so impressed with the study that he offered Nissl an assistantship at the Furstenried castle southwest of Munich, where one of his responsibilities would be to care for the mad Prince Otto. Nissl accepted, and remained in that post from 1885 until 1888. There was a small laboratory at the castle, which enabled Nissl to continue with his neuropathological research. In 1888 Nissl moved to the Institution Blankenheim. In 1889 he went to Frankfurt as second in position under Emil Sioli (1852–1922) at the Städtische Irrenanstalt. There he met neurologist Ludwig Edinger and neuropathologist Karl Weigert, who was developing a neuroglial stain. This work motivated Nissl to study mental and nervous diseases by relating them to observable changes in glial cells, blood elements, blood vessels and brain tissue in general.

In Frankfurt Nissl became acquainted with Alois Alzheimer, and they collaborated over seven years. They became close friends & jointly editing the Histologische und histopathologische Arbeiten über die Grosshirnrinde (1904–1921).

In 1895 Emil Kraepelin invited Nissl to become assistant physician at the University of Heidelberg. By 1904 he was a full professor at that institution, and became director of the Department of Psychiatry when Kraepelin moved to Munich.

The burden of teaching and administration, combined with poor research facilities, forced Nissl to leave many scientific projects unfinished. He also suffered from a kidney disease. During World War I he was charged with administering a large military hospital.

In 1918 Kraepelin again invited Nissl to accept a research position at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie in Munich. After one year at that position, where he performed research alongside Korbinian Brodmann and Walther Spielmeyer, he died in 1919 of kidney disease.


Nissl was possibly the greatest neuropathologist of his day and also a fine clinician who popularised the use of spinal puncture,[4] which had been introduced by Heinrich Quincke.


Nissl also examined the neural connections between the human cortex and thalamic nuclei; he was in the midst of this study at the time of his death.



The Nissl method refers to staining of the cell body, and in particular endoplasmic reticulum. This is done by using various basic dyes (e.g. aniline, thionine, or cresyl violet) to stain the negatively charged RNA blue, and is used to highlight important structural features of neurons. The Nissl substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) appears dark blue due to the staining of ribosomal RNA, giving the cytoplasm a mottled appearance. Individual granules of extranuclear RNA are named Nissl granules (ribosomes).





Reil, Johan Christian was German physician

Johann Christian Reil (20 February 1759 – 22 November 1813) was a German physician, physiologist, anatomist, and psychiatrist. He coined the term psychiatryPsychiatrie in German–in 1808.
Medical conditions and anatomical features named after him include Reil's finger and the Islands of Reil in the cerebral cortex. In 1809, he was the first to describe the white fibre tract now called the arcuate fasciculus[3] and the locus coeruleus.
In 1795 Reil established the very first journal of psychology in German, the Archiv für die Physiologie. In 1810 he became one of the first university teachers of psychiatry when appointed professor of medicine in Berlin.
From 1802-1805 the poet Goethe visited Reil to discuss scientific matters such as psychiatry and to access his skills as a physician.

Reil used the term 'psychiaterie' in a short-lived journal he set up with J.C. Hoffbauer, Beytrage zur Beforderung einer Curmethode auf psychischem Wege (1808: 169). He argued there should not just be a branch of medicine (psychische Medizin) or of theology or penal practice, but a discipline in its own right with trained practitioners. He also sought to publicize the plight of the insane in the asylums, and to develop a 'psychical' method of treatment, consistent with the moral treatment movement of the times. He was critical of Frenchman Philippe Pinel, however. Reil was mainly theoretical, with little direct clinical experience, by contrast with Pinel. Reil is considered a writer within the German Romantic context and his 1803 work Rhapsodien uber die Anwendung der psychischen Kurmethode auf Geisteszerrüttungen ('Rhapsodies about applying the psychological method of treatment to mental breakdowns') has been called the most important document of Romantic psychiatry


Romberg, Moritz Heirich was German clinical neurologist



Moritz Heinrich Romberg (11 November 1795 – 16 June 1873) was a Jewish physician from Berlin who published his classic textbook in sections between 1840 and 1846. ]Edward Henry Sieveking translated it into English in 1853. His nephew was Eduard Heinrich Henoch, who was known for describing Henoch–Schönlein purpura.




He described what is now universally recognised as "Romberg's sign" in his original account of tabes dorsalis (a disease caused by syphilis damaging the back of the spinal cord).

The unsteadiness with eyes closed (sensory ataxia), relates to loss of sense of position in the legs and feet that are normally compensated for by the patient who uses vision to provide that information. But when the eyes are closed or in the dark, the loss of sense of position causes unsteadiness and sometimes falls, as Romberg described.

He was one of a tiny number of truly innovative neurologists in Europe who in the 1820-50 period introduced order and clinical observation and deduction into what was then an elementary discipline. He is credited with having been "the first clinical neurologist.

According to Pearce, Romberg acquired much of the wisdom and attitudes prevailing in English medicine when in 1820 he translated into German, Andrew Marshall’s (1742–1813) The Morbid Anatomy of the Brain and Charles Bell’s The Nervous System of the Human Body. He revolutionised European neurology, publishing his Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen: the first systematic textbook in neurology. Romberg’s contribution to neurology, and his establishing tabes dorsalis as a distinctive disease were of crucial importance. Romberg’s sign, once synonymous with tabes dorsalis, became recognised as common to all proprioceptive disorders of the legs. His several major clinical contributions included: a classic description of achondroplasia (on which he wrote his graduation thesis entitled "Congenital rickets" in 1817), progressive facial hemiatrophy, and an unmistakable description of the pupils in tertiary syphilis before E.J. Remak and Argyll Robertson.




Rosenthal, Friedrich Christian was German anantomist
Friedrich Christian Rosenthal (June 3, 1780 – December 5, 1829) was a German anatomist.


Rosenthal is remembered today for two anatomical terms that contain his name:



Schwann, Thedor was German anatomist
Theodor Schwann (7 December 1810 – 11 January 1882) was a German physiologist. His many contributions to biology include the development of cell theory, the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term metabolism.




It was during the four years spent under the influence of Müller at Berlin that Schwann's most valuable work was done. Müller was at this time preparing his great book on physiology, and Schwann assisted him in the experimental work required. Schwann observed animal cells under the microscope, noting their different properties. Schwann found particular interest in the nervous and muscular tissues. He discovered the cells that envelope the nerve fibers, now called Schwann cells in his honor.

Schwann discovered the striated muscle in the upper esophagus and initiated research into muscle contraction. In 1837 Schwann isolated an enzyme essential to digestion, which he called pepsin.

Schwann became chair of anatomy at the Belgian Catholic University of Leuven in 1839. Here he produced a paper establishing the importance of bile in digestion.


Wallenberg, Adolf was German physician

Adolf Wallenberg (10 November 1862 – 10 April 1949) was a German internist and neurologist.

In order to escape Nazism he emigrated to Great Britain in 1938. He later relocated to the United States in 1943.

While working with Ludwig Edinger he described the avian brain, and also examined the role of the olfactory system in the assessment, recognition, and ingestion of food.

He described the clinical manifestations (1895) and the autopsy findings (1901) in occlusions of the arteria cerebelli posterior inferior (Wallenberg's syndrome).

With Edinger, and later alone, he published the "Jahresberichte über die Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Anatomie des Zentralnervensystems" (1895–1928). Since 1975 the "Adolf Wallenberg-Preis" has been awarded by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie for outstanding contributions made in the field of cerebrovascular disease, cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral metabolism.[5]

Associated eponym , Wallenberg's syndrome is the associated eponym with Wallenberg. Synonyms are dorsolateral medullary syndrome or lateral bulbar syndrome or lateral medullary infarction syndrome or posteroinferior cerebellar artery syndrome. This syndrome is a complex of symptoms caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, resulting in sensory and sympathetic disturbances, cerebellar ataxia.


Westphal
, Karl Friedrich Otto was German anatomist


Westphal's contributions to medical science are many; in 1871 he coined the term "agoraphobia", when he observed that three male patients of his displayed extreme anxiety and feelings of dread when they had to enter certain public areas of the city. He is credited with providing an early diagnosis of "pseudosclerosis", a disease known today as hepatolenticular degeneration. He also demonstrated a relationship between tabes dorsalis (nerve degeneration in the spinal cord) and paralysis in the mentally insane.


Westphal is credited with describing a deep tendon reflex anomaly in tabes dorsalis that later became known as the "Erb–Westphal symptom" (named with neurologist Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921). His name is also shared with neurologist Ludwig Edinger (1855–1918) regarding the Edinger–Westphal nucleus, which is an accessory nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve number III; CN III). He was the first physician to provide a clinical description of narcolepsy and cataplexy (1877). 
A large portion of his written work dealt with diseases of the spinal cord and neuropathological issues. He trained a number of prominent neurologists and neuropathologists, including Arnold Pick, Hermann Oppenheim, Karl Fürstner, Carl Moeli and Karl Wernicke. His son, Alexander Karl Otto Westphal (1863–1941) was also a psychiatrist, and is associated with the Westphal-Piltz syndrome (neurotonic pupillary reaction). Westphal, in addition to his multiple contributions to neurology and neuroanatomy, has been credited with introducing rational and non-censorious treatment to psychiatric hospitalization in Germany.


Italian Neuroscientists & Eponyms

Corti


Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (22 June 1822 – 2 October 1876)

Corti, Marchese Alfonso was Italian histologist
Organ of Corti is the sensory epithelium of cochlea
Corti worked in Italy, Vienna, Bern, Würzburg, London, Paris &Utrecht. He worked with many renowned neuroscientists of that period.

Gennari
Gennari, Francesco was Italian Physician
His name is associated with white line in the visual cortex-"Stria of Gennari"



Golgi



Golgi, Camillo was Italian Histologist. His name is associated with :


              Type 1 and Type 2 Neurons


              Golgi Tendon Organ


              Golgi Apparatus



Camillo Golgi was born in July 1843 in the village of Corteno, in the province of Brescia (Lombardy), Italy. The village is now named Corteno Golgi in his honour. His father was a physician and district medical officer. Golgi studied at the University of Pavia, where he worked in the experimental pathology laboratory under Giulio Bizzozero, who elucidated the properties of bone marrow. He graduated in 1865. He spent much of his career studying the central nervous system. Tissue staining techniques in the later half of the 19th century were inadequate for studying nervous tissue. While working as chief medical officer in a psychiatric hospital, he experimented with metal impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly silver (silver staining). He discovered a method of staining nervous tissue that would stain a limited number of cells at random in their entirety. This enabled him to view the paths of nerve cells in the brain for the first time. He called his discovery the "black reaction" (in Italian, reazione nera), which later received his name (Golgi's method or Golgi stain).


In addition to this discovery, Golgi discovered a tendon sensory organ that bears his name (Golgi receptor). He studied the life cycle of Plasmodium and related the timing of tertian and quartan fevers seen in malaria with the life cycle of the organisms now named Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae, respectively. Using his staining technique, Golgi identified the intracellular reticular apparatus in 1898 which bears his name, the Golgi apparatus.


In renal physiology Golgi is renowned for being the first to show that the distal tubulus of the nephron returns to its originating glomerulus, a finding that he published in 1889.


Golgi, together with Santiago Ramón y Cajal, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for his studies of the structure of the nervous system. In 1900 he was named senator by King Umberto I. In 1913 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.





Martinotti


Martinotti, Giovanni was Italian Physician.


Eponym is "Cells of Martinotti " in the cerebral cortex.





Pacini


Pacini, Filippo was Italian Anatomist & Histologist


The sensory endings known as Pacinian corpuscles


Filippo Pacini (25 May 1812 – 9 July 1883) was an Italian anatomist, posthumously famous for isolating the cholera bacillus Vibrio cholerae in 1854, well before Robert Koch's more widely accepted discoveries 30 years later.

In 1831, during a dissection class, Pacini discovered small sensory organs in the nervous system which can detect pressure and vibrations. He studied them closely from 1833 on, and first discussed them in 1835 at the Società medico-fisica in Florence, but did not publish his research ("Nuovi organi scoperti nel corpo umano") until 1840. Within just a few years, the work was widely known in Europe and the bodies had become known as Pacinian corpuscles.

He served as an assistant to Paolo Savi in Pisa from 1840 to 1843, then began working at the Institute of Human Anatomy. In 1847, Pacini began teaching at the Lyceum in Florence, and then was named chair of General and Topographic Anatomy at the "Istituto di Studi Superiori" at the University of Florence in 1849, where he remained to the end of his career.

The Asiatic cholera pandemic of 1846-63, which swept through Florence in 1845–1846, brought the disease to the center of Pacini's attention. In 1854, he described the disease in a paper called "Microscopical observations and pathological deductions on cholera", but because of the prevailing belief of Italian scientists in the miasma theory of disease, the work was not noted by others until many years after his death, despite additional publications in 1865, 1866, 1871, 1876, and 1880 which identified the cause of the disease's lethality, and even proposed some effective treatments. John Snow, who disproved the miasma theory, and Robert Koch, widely credited with the discovery of the bacillum 30 years later, were unaware of his previous work.

When Koch, a much more widely respected scientist who had previously identified the tuberculosis bacillus, presented his findings to the Cholera Commission of the Imperial Health Office in Berlin in 1884, the commission congratulated him, but also recognized Pacini's previous discovery of the bacterium. In 1965, the international committee on nomenclature adopted the formal name Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854 to honor his work.

During his career, Pacini also published several studies on the retina of the human eye, the electric organs in electric fishes, the structure of bone, and the mechanics of respiration.

Pacini did not marry, and spent most of the money remaining after his scientific investigations on the long-term care of his two ailing sisters. He died nearly penniless in Florence on July 9, 1883.



Rolando
Rolando, Luigi was Italian Anatomist.
Central sulcus of the cerebral hemisphere is known as central sulcus of Ronaldo
His name is also associated with substansia gelatinosa of the spinal cord.


Luigi Rolando (16 June 1773, Turin – 20 April 1831, Turin) was an Italian anatomist known for his pioneer research in brain localization of function.

He studied medicine and studied engraving, drawing, anatomical dissection, and conducted microscopic investigations of nerve tissue. From 1804 he was a professor at the University of Sassari, and in 1814 was appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Turin.

As a University of Turin professor, he devoted his life to the study of brain anatomy. A range of neuroanatomical and neurological entities are named after him: the Rolandic vein, the Rolandic artery (central sulcal artery), the pre-Rolandic artery (precentral sulcal artery), the Rolandic operculum (post-central operculum), the Rolandic area (primary motor cortex), the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, the fissure of Rolando (central sulcus) and Rolandic epilepsy.

Ruffini
Ruffini, Angelo was Italian Anatomist
Sensory endings, known as the end bulbs of Ruffini.



Angelo Ruffini (1864 – 1929) was an Italian histologist and embryologist.

He studied medicine at the University of Bologna, where beginning in 1894 he taught classes in histology. In 1903 he attained the chair of embryology at the University of Siena.

He was the first to describe small encapsulated nerve endings (mechanoreceptors) which were to become known as Ruffini corpuscles. He used a gold chloride stain on his microscope slides in order for to view the tiny corpuscles.

Ruffini was a pioneer in the study of amphibian gastrulation, providing a comprehensive and detailed description on the formation of "bottle cells". He published these findings in a book titled Fisiogenia (1925).

Between 1896 and 1903, Ruffini corresponded regularly with Sir Charles Sherrington. This relationship evolved after Ruffini sent copies of his papers on muscle nerve endings to Sherrington. Ruffini also sent Sherrington eleven slides of 'Organi nervosi' and Sherrington was instrumental in getting Ruffini's work published in the Journal of Physiology.


Polish Neuroscientist

Adamkiewicz
Adamkiewicz, Albert was a Polish Pathologist and his name is associated with an artery supplying lumbar segments of spinal cord. 

Adamkiewicz earned his medical doctorate in 1873 from the University of Breslau where he was a student-assistant to physiologist Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain. From 1879 until 1892, he was chief of general and experimental pathology at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow.
Adamkiewicz is remembered for his pathological examinations of the central nervous system. His research of the variable vascularity of the spinal cord was an important contribution to the development of modern clinical vascular surgery. He is credited with describing the major anterior segmental medullary artery, which is now known as the Adamkiewicz artery.

Although a radicular artery from the aorta accompanies the nerve root at many levels, most of these contribute little flow to the spinal cord itself. Major contributors of blood supply to the anterior spinal cord is from 6 to 8 radicular arteries usually at C3, C6, C8, T4 , T8 levels.
Artery of Adamkiewicz also known as arteria radicularis anterior magna is the main arterial supply for the spinal cord from T8 to conus. In about 85% persons,  it is located on the left side and situated tween T9 & L2. Usually it is very large and gives off cephalic and caudal branchgiving a characteristic hair-pin appearance on angiography.
In the early 1890s, Adamkiewicz published a series of articles claiming the discovery of a cancer-causing parasite he called Coccidium sarcolytus, as well as the existence of an anti-cancer serum. Further testing proved the serum a failure, and Adamkiewicz was severely criticized by the medical community at Jagiellonian University. Soon afterwards, he relocated to Vienna, where he practiced medicine at Rothschild Hospital.
He is credited for the creation of the Adamkiewicz test, a test for detecting tryptophan, an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.



Frey
Frey, Lucja was Polish Neurologist and his name is associated with Gustatory hyperhidrosis.





Russian Neuroscientists & Eponyms
Betz ,Vladimir A
Betz was a Russian Anatomist
Giant Pyramidal cells in the motor cortex

Darkschewitsch, Liverij Osipovich was a Russian clinical Neurologist and his name is associated with one of the accessory oculomotor nuclei in the midbrain.

Korsakoff
Korsakoff, Sergei Sergeievich
Karsakoff was a Russian Psychiatrist
Korsakoff's Psychosis is seen in patients of chronic alcoholism. it includes a memory defect and fabrication of ideas


Roman Neuroscientist & Eponym

Galen
Claudius Galen was a Roman Physician. His name is associated with Great cerebral vein



Spanish Neuroscientist & Eponym

Cajal
Cajal, Santiago Felipe Ramon Y was Spanish Histologist
Interstitial nucleus of midbrain
Neuron Doctrine on the basis of his observations with siver staining methods 



Swiss Neuroscientists & Eponyms


Forel
Forel, Auguste Henri was Swiss Neuorpsychiatrist.
Fibre bundles in the subthalamus , known as the fields of Forel
ventral tegmental decussation in the midbrain

Horner
Johann Friedrich Horner was a Swiss Ophthalmologist. Horner's syndrome is caused by interruption of sympathetic innervation of the eye.












Viennese Neurologist
Benedict
Benedict Moritz was Viennese Neurologist
Occulomotor nerve palsy and ataxia including tremors








Sources:
wikipedia
Encyclopaedia Britannica
concept & some details from Inderbir Singh's  Textbook of Neuroanatomy ( Fundamental & Clinical ) 9th Edition, revised & Edited by Pritha S Bhuiyan, Lakshmi Rajgopal & K Shyamkishore. Publisher: Jaypee

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